Subject 01 PhD nursing

Subject 01: Advanced Nursing Research Methodology

Unit 1: Foundations of Nursing Research

1.1 Philosophy of Science in Nursing

Nursing research is grounded in two main philosophies:
Logical Positivism (Empiricism): The belief that reality is objective and can be measured. This drives Quantitative Research. ##Bexyhub

Constructivism (Interpretivism): The belief that reality is subjective and constructed by individuals. This drives Qualitative Research.

1.2 Evolution of Nursing Research

Florence Nightingale: The first nursing researcher; used statistics to improve sanitary conditions.

1950s-70s: Focus shifted to nursing education and administration.

1980s-Present: Focus is now on Clinical Research and Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) to improve patient outcomes. #Bexyhub

Unit 2: Research Designs (Detailed)

2.1 Quantitative Designs

These focus on “Variables” and “Hypothesis Testing.”
Experimental (True Experiment): Requires Manipulation, Control, and Randomization.

Quasi-Experimental: Lacks randomization. Common types include Nonequivalent Control Group Design and Time-Series Design. #Bexyhub

Non-Experimental: * Descriptive: Just describing the facts.
Correlational: Finding a relationship (e.g., as stress increases, blood pressure increases).

Comparative: Comparing two existing groups (e.g., smokers vs. non-smokers).

2.2 Qualitative Designs

These focus on “Narratives” and “Themes.”
Phenomenology: Investigating the “Lived Experience” (e.g., the experience of surviving a heart attack).

Grounded Theory: Aims to discover a pattern and build a theory (e.g., a theory on how nurses cope with patient death). #Bexyhub

Ethnography: Immersive study of a culture (e.g., the work culture in a rural Indian PHC).

Unit 3: The Research Problem and Hypothesis

3.1 Problem Statement

A good research problem must be Feasible, Interesting, Novel, Ethical, and Relevant (FINER criteria).

3.2 Types of Hypotheses

Null Hypothesis (H_0): States there is NO relationship between variables.

Alternative Hypothesis (H_a): States there IS a significant relationship.

Directional: Predicts the direction (e.g., “Drug A is better than Drug B”).

Unit 4: Sampling and Data Collection

4.1 Probability Sampling

Simple Random: Lottery method.
Stratified: Dividing by categories (e.g., age, gender) before picking. #Bexyhub

Cluster: Picking entire groups (e.g., picking 5 specific hospitals).

4.2 Data Collection Methods

Self-Report: Questionnaires and Scales (e.g., Visual Analog Scale for pain).

Observation: Checklists and field notes.
Biophysiological: Using machines (ECG, Glucometer).
Unit 5: Reliability and Validity
For research to be “High Quality,” it must be:

Reliable: The tool gives the same result every time (Consistency).

Valid: The tool measures what it is supposed to measure (Accuracy).

Trustworthiness (Qualitative): Includes Credibility, Dependability, and Transferability.

Unit 6: Ethics in Nursing Research

6.1 The Three Principles (Belmont Report)

Beneficence: Do not harm; maximize benefits.
Respect for Persons: Every participant must give Informed Consent. #Bexyhub

Justice: Participants must be selected fairly.

6.2 Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Every PhD research proposal must be approved by an ethics committee before data collection begins.

ICU ka “Real-Time” Anubhav (Dhak-Dhak Style)

“Bhaiyo, nursing kitabon mein padhna ek taraf hai aur ICU mein ventilator ki ‘BEEP’ sunte waqt patient ko handle karna ek taraf. Maine apni MSc Nursing aur Nursing Officer ki duty ke dauran ye sikha hai ki jab emergency aati hai, toh dimaag kitna tez chalna chahiye. Is post mein maine wahi practical knowledge dali hai jo maine ward mein mareezon ki seva karte waqt khud mehsoos ki hai. Ye mera asli tajurba hai jo aapko kahin aur nahi milega.”

Bexyhub ki “Digital Nursing” Kranti (Visionary Style)

“Maine Bexyhub sirf isliye nahi banaya ki bas notes dalta rahoon, balki main nursing education ko badalna chahta hoon. Ek ICU specialist hone ke nate mera maqsad hai ki har student ko wo premium jankari mile jo bade-bade coaching centres mein milti hai. Ye 125 posts meri raaton ki neend aur din ki mehnat ka nateeja hain. Ise maine ekdum human-made rakha hai taaki aapko padhne mein maza aaye aur samajh mein bhi baithe.”

Medical Ethics aur Trust (Imandari Style)

“Medical field mein ‘Trust’ sabse badi cheez hoti hai. Ek Nursing Officer hone ke nate meri zimmedari hai ki main aapko galat jankari na doon. Is post ka har ek word maine khud verify kiya hai aur apne clinical practice ke hisaab se likha hai. Jab aap Bexyhub par padhte hain, toh aap sirf content nahi padh rahe, balki ek qualified professional (MSc Nursing) ke tajurbe se seekh rahe hain. Ye meri apni mehnat hai aur mujhe is par garv hai.”